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After the Mongols devastated Eastern Europe in the 1240s, terrified kings, popes, and priests scrambled to understand this new and unstoppable enemy. Their solution? Send brave envoys deep into the Mongol world. In this episode of the History of the Mongols, we follow the extraordinary journeys of John of Plano Carpini, Simon of St. Quentin, and William of Rubruck, three Europeans who risked everything to uncover the secrets of the Mongol Empire. Their accounts offer a rare, firsthand glimpse inside the court of the Great Khans and reveal how Europe’s first contact with the Mongols shaped the world to come.

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This episode explores the downfall of Guyuk, the collapse of Ögedei’s lineage, and how Mongke Khan's unexpected rise marked the beginning of the Toluid Revolution, a turning point that would shape the Mongol Empire’s future and spark a new era of conquest… and division.

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In this episode of The History of the Mongols, we explore the final years of Ögedei Khan and the dramatic fallout after his death in 1241. This pivotal moment marked the beginning of cracks within the empire that once seemed unstoppable.

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In this episode of The History of the Mongols, we uncover one of history’s greatest mysteries: why did the unstoppable Mongol invasion of Europe suddenly end in 1242? After the brutal victories at Mohi and Legnica, with Hungary in ruins and Europe defenseless, Batu and Subutai seemed poised to conquer the continent. But instead, they withdrew.

We explore:

✓ The devastation of Hungary after Mohi

✓ The brutal Mongol occupation and Master Roger’s chilling eyewitness account

✓ The siege of Esztergom and why European castles stalled the Mongol advance

✓ The myth of Ögedei Khan’s death, and why it wasn’t the real reason they left

✓ The hidden Mongol strategy and how close Europe came to total conquest

If you're fascinated by:

✓ The Mongol war machine

✓ Medieval warfare and siege tactics

✓ How Europe nearly fell to the steppe armies

✓ The hidden reasons behind history's turning pointsThen this is the episode for you.

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In this episode of The History of the Mongols, Batu and Subutai bring the full weight of the Mongol Empire westward. After crushing the Rus’ and razing Kiev, they unleash a coordinated assault on Poland and Hungary. The result: two devastating battles, Legnica and Mohi that left Central Europe shattered and the West on the brink of collapse.

You’ll learn about:

• The fall of Kraków and the defeat at Legnica

• Why Duke Henry of Silesia lost his head (literally)

• How King Béla IV tried to stop the Mongols...and failed

• Cuman refugees, royal chaos, and anti-nomadic riots

• The Mongol smokescreens and siege engines at Mohi

• Subutai’s flanking maneuver and the laager trap

• The death of Hungary’s elite and the great retreat

• What really made the Mongols pull back from Europe

If you're fascinated by:

✓ Medieval warfare in Eastern Europe

✓ Steppe tactics vs Christian kingdoms

✓ The Battle of Mohi and its bloody aftermath

✓ Why the Mongols suddenly left Europe

✓ Crusader myths and Mongol truth

Then this is the episode for you.

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In this episode of The History of the Mongols, the campaign shifts south. After burning northern Rus’ to the ground, Batu and Subutai pause, then strike again. The Mongol war machine sweeps through Crimea, scatters the Cuman-Qipchaqs, subdues the Caucasus, and unleashes hell on the proud city of Kiev.

You’ll learn about:

• The siege of Magas, one of the toughest Mongol battles

• How Crimea fell and the slave trade exploded

• Cuman leader Kotjen’s flight into Hungary

• Circassian and Alan resistance in the Caucasus

• The tragic fall of Chernigov and Kiev in 1240

• How the Mongols shaped the Mamluk future in Egypt

• Rising tensions between Batu, Guyuk, and Mongke

• What came next: the gates of Europe

If you're fascinated by:

✓ Siege warfare and steppe strategy

✓ How the Mongols reshaped Eurasia

✓ The rise of the Mamluks from Mongol captives

✓ Forgotten cities like Magas and Soldaia

✓ How the fall of Kiev shook Eastern Europe

Then this is the episode for you.

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In this episode of The History of the Mongols, we cover the dramatic opening phase of the Great Western Invasion, an unstoppable campaign led by Batu Khan, Subutai, and the royal princes of Mongolia. As over 100,000 Mongol horsemen cross the steppe in 1236, the Volga Bulghars, Cumans, and Rus’ stand in their way.

It’s the beginning of the Mongol conquest of Europe.

You’ll learn about:

• The winter destruction of Volga Bulgharia

• Subutai’s revenge for Jebei and Bachman’s dramatic end

• The Mongol siege of Ryazan and massacre of its people

• Why Grand Duke Yuri fell at the Sit’ River

• The “Evil City” of Kozelsk and its fierce resistance

• How the Rus’ failed to unite, and paid the price

• Why Novgorod was spared while Moscow burned

• What made Mongol siege tactics so terrifyingly effective

• The stage now set for the fall of Kiev and western Rus’

If you're fascinated by:

✓ Mongol steppe warfare and strategy

✓ The fall of medieval Russia and the rise of the Golden Horde

✓ Subutai’s genius and Batu’s brutal campaign

✓ How siege weapons shattered wooden cities

✓ The fate of Ryazan, Vladimir, and early Moscow

Then this is the episode for you.

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In this episode of The History of the Mongols, we follow the explosive westward expansion of the Mongol Empire after the fall of the Jin. As Ögedei Khan consolidates power, his general Chormaqun leads a devastating campaign across Iran, the Caucasus, and Anatolia, crushing the last Khwarezmian ruler, ravaging Georgia, and shattering the Seljuqs at Köse Dağ.

You’ll see how Mongol strategy shifted from reactive conquest to total domination, and why no Muslim kingdom could stop them.

We cover:

• Jalal al-Din Mingburnu’s escape across the Indus

• His failed comeback in India, Iran, and the Caucasus

• Chormaqun’s 30,000-strong army and the tamma system

• The fall of Tabriz, Tbilisi, and the last Khwarezmian strongholds

• The brutal Mongol campaigns into Georgia and Armenia

• Baiju Noyan’s rise and the crushing of the Seljuqs at Köse Dağ (1243)

• How this campaign reshaped the Islamic world, and why Baghdad was spared…for now

If you're fascinated by:

✓ The Mongol war machine

✓ Islamic and Middle Eastern history

✓ Steppe tactics vs. medieval states

✓ Crusades, Caliphates, and collapsing kingdoms

Then this is the episode for you.

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