Bewusstsein, das letzte Rätsel der Philosophie
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Narrated by:
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Thomas Metzinger
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By:
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Thomas Metzinger
About this listen
Thomas Metzinger: Was ist das Bewusstsein? (1)
Sendung: 21.10.2007, SWR2, Redaktion: Ralf Caspary
Thomas Metzinger, * 12. März 1958 in Frankfurt am Main, ist Professor für Philosophie und Leiter des Arbeitsbereichs Theoretische Philosophie am Philosophischen Seminar der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz.
Bewusstsein? Die Schwierigkeit dieses Begriffs erschließt sich erst, wenn man nicht bei den Inhalten desselben stehen bleibt. Wenn wir von unserem Bewusstsein sprechen, ist etwas Selbstreflexives miteinbegriffen, nicht nur, was gedacht wird, sondern auch wer es denkt. Thomas Metzinger zitiert zur Veranschaulichung Thomas Nagels Gedankenexperiment "Wie ist es, eine Fledermaus zu sein". Die Funktionsweise eines Fledermausgehirns könnte uns vollständig klar sein und dennoch werden wir nie nachfühlen können, wie es ist, in ihrer Haut zu stecken. Ihr Sensorium arbeitet völlig unterschiedlich, aus dem Echo ihrer Schreie konstruiert sie ein Bild der Realität, das ihr erlaubt, kollisionsfrei zu fliegen.
Wie diese Realität beschaffen ist, werden wir nie verstehen. Die Begriffe, mit denen ihre subjektiven Tatsachen erfasst werden könnten, kann man nur aus ihrer Erlebnisperspektive heraus erwerben. Wenn dem so ist, gibt es keine feststehenden objektiven Tatsachen, sondern immer nur ein subjektives Erleben, das unter einer bestimmten Perspektive erworben werden kann.
Thomas Metzinger: Was ist das Bewusstsein? (2)
Sendung: 28.10.2007, SWR2, Redaktion: Ralf Caspary
Von echtem Bewusstsein möchte Metzinger nur dann sprechen, wenn sich die Zustände eines informationsverarbeitenden Systems für dieses selbst irgendwie anfühlen, wenn sie einen introspektiv zugänglichen Charakter besitzen. Wie aber grenzt man dieses Kriterium von einem System ab, das sich so verhält, als ob es echte Farben sehen oder wirklichen Schmerz empfinden könnte? Von Daniel Dennett stammt der Hinweis, dass ein Roboter bewusst sein könnte, wenn er zur Informationsquelle darüber wird, was gerade in ihm vorgeht und was er als nächstes tun wird.
Damit ginge die Vormachtstellung der Konstrukteure verloren, die ihn gemacht haben und wissen, was er tun sollte. Bewusst wäre eine Maschine dann, wenn wir nur von ihr erfahren können, was sie als nächstes tun wird. Diesen Ansatz führt Metzinger noch weiter und führt als eigenes Kriterium ein, dass wir ein System als bewusstes Objekt behandeln sollten, wenn es uns gegenüber demonstriert, dass die philosophische Frage nach dem Bewusstsein für es selbst ein Problem geworden ist. Sich selbst verstehen zu wollen unterscheidet demnach bewusste von nicht-bewussten Systemen.
In deiner Audible-Bibliothek findest du für dieses Hörerlebnis eine PDF-Datei mit zusätzlichem Material.
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