Fascism History

Between 1939 and 1945, more than 70 Allied men and women were convicted - mostly in secret trials - of working to help Nazi Germany win the war. In the same period, hundreds of British Fascists were also interned without trial on specific and detailed evidence that they were spying for, or working on behalf of, Germany. Collectively, these men and women were part of a little-known Fifth Column: traitors who committed crimes including espionage, sabotage, communicating with enemy intelligence agents, and attempting to cause disaffection among Allied troops.

The mysterious, brutal, and calculating Kim Jong Un has risen to become the unchallenged dictator of a nuclear rogue state. He now possesses weaponry capable of threatening America and its allies, and his actions have already significantly changed global politics. It’s believed that Kim Jong Un is in his 30s, only a few years into what will likely be decades of leadership. He is in the news almost every day, and yet we still know almost nothing about him and how he became the supreme leader of the hermit kingdom.

Bert Trautmann is famed as the goalkeeper who broke his neck in an FA Cup final and played on. But his early life is no less extraordinary: he grew up in Nazi Germany and fought for the Germans in World War Two. In 1945 he was captured and sent to a British POW camp where, for the first time, he saw a better way of life. He embraced England as his new home and before long became an England football hero. This is his extraordinary story.

Facciamo un'ipotesi fantascientifica: i nazisti riescono a inventare una macchina del tempo e nelle ultime settimane della Seconda guerra mondiale inviano una squadra nel futuro per creare il Quarto Reich. La squadra arriva nell'Europa di oggi. Dapprima si scandalizza per l'ultraliberismo della nostra società, per la nostra musica e la cultura degenerata. Poi vede partiti di estrema destra inondare i media e fare bottino di voti con una retorica violenta contro femministe e migranti.

Lo Stato fascista è studiato qui nei suoi meccanismi essenziali. I cambiamenti e le continuità che lo caratterizzano: nei ministeri, nei nuovi enti pubblici, nel rapporto contraddittorio fra centro e periferia. E in primo piano il nuovo soggetto che ambiguamente penetra nello Stato e al tempo stesso se ne lascia penetrare, statalizzandosi: il Partito fascista.

Il fascismo pretese di erigere un nuovo Stato, ma riutilizzò abbondantemente in chiave fascista elementi e residui dello Stato liberale. Autoritario e dittatoriale, concentrò il potere pubblico, ma accettò anche la sua pluralizzazione. Eliminò libere elezioni, creò un surrogato della rappresentanza politica, si valse di organizzazioni satelliti, ma ricorse ad amministrazioni parallele per gestire la crisi economica.

Om morgenen den 6. august 1945 udløser besætningen på flyet Enola Gay en atombombe over Hiroshima. Få minutter efter er den japanske provinsby forvandlet til et brændende helvede. Tre dage senere overgår den samme skæbne Nagasaki. Selv de forhærdede japanske generaler, som ellers var fast besluttede på, at landet skulle fortsætte kampen, er rystede over de ufattelige ødelæggelser. Og da kejseren selv også taler for overgivelse, vælger Japan at acceptere en betingelsesløs kapitulation.

As a young boy, Joseph Pearson was terrified of the weapon hanging from a hook in his grandfather’s basement, a trophy seized from the enemy in battle. When he later inherited the knife, he unlocked a story far more unsettling than he could ever have imagined. By then a writer and cultural historian living in Berlin, Joseph found himself drawn to other objects from the Nazi era: a pocket diary, a recipe book, a double bass and a cotton pouch. Although the past remains a painful subject in Germany, he embarked on a journey to illuminate their stories before they disappeared from living memory.

Die Weiße Rose - vor allem verbunden mit den Namen Hans und Sophie Scholl - kennt man als Widerstandsgruppe im nationalsozialistischen Staat. Wer aber weiß genau, was in den Flugblättern stand, die die jungen Leute das Leben kosteten?

I tolv år har Hitler regerat Tyskland. När riket under våren 1945 krymper, tar Führern sin tillflykt till Berlin. I april förskansar han sig i en bunker djupt under huvudstaden, men även där kan de ryska bomberna höras dygnet runt. Till sist är även Hitler tvungen att inse att kampen är över. Führern avvisar alla förslag att fly och väljer att använda sig av både en pistol och en giftkapsel - enligt läkaren det säkraste sättet att ta livet av sig på.

De nazistiske forbrydelser var mange. I 1934 føler Hitler sig så truet af rivaler i sit eget parti, at han ser stort på landets love og beordrer mere end 80 mord. I to blodige dage dræber Führerens private SS-enhed gamle venner i SA plus 10-20 kritiske generaler og parlamentariske politikere. I juni 1940 marcherede tyske soldater til det sydlige Polen. I løbet af de næste fire år bygger arkitekter, ingeniører og SS-officerer et af historiens mest forfærdelige steder: Dødsfabrikken Auschwitz, hvor mennesker myrdes med klinisk effektivitet.

Cosa si puo dire di Benito Mussolini che non sia gia stato detto? È possibile raccontare la sua parabola politica, dagli esordi come socialista e anarchico alla sua trasformazione in accanito interventista, dalla costituzione dei Fasci di combattimento alla tragica evoluzione in dittatore e all'epilogo in piazzale Loreto? Marco Lucchetti - esperto di storia militare - analizza, attraverso 101 episodi più o meno noti della vita del duce, non soltanto la sua vicenda personale, ma anche le radicali trasformazioni subite dall'Italia durante il Ventennio.

Da juristen Philippe Sands får en indbydelse til at forelæse i Lviv i Ukraine, åbnes en ukendt dør til hans families historie. Med udgangspunkt i morfarens flugt for nazisterne begynder han en undersøgelse, som fører læseren til Lemberg før 2. verdenskrig, til forbryderprocessen i Nürnberg efter krigen og op til nutiden.

Italy's Rosselli family were members of the cosmopolitan, cultural elite in Florence at the start of the twentieth century. Led by their fierce matriarch, Amelia Rosselli, they were also vocal anti-fascists. As Mussolini rose to power in Italy following WWI, the Rossellis took leading roles in the rebellion against him, a stance that few in their class would risk. And when Mussolini established a police state whose tactics grew more brutal, the Rossellis and their anti-fascist friends transformed from debaters and critics into activists.

In the late summer of 1943, when Italy changed sides in WWII and the Germans, now their enemies, occupied the north of the country, an Italian Resistance was born. Ada, Frida, Silvia, and Bianca were four young Piedmontese women who joined the Resistance, living secretively in the mountains surrounding Turin. They were not alone. Between 1943 and 1945, as the Allies battled their way north, thousands of men and women throughout occupied Italy rose up and fought to liberate their country from the German invaders and their Fascist collaborators.

In late 1936, as Franco’s armies stormed toward Madrid, Stalin famously termed the defence of Spain “the common cause of all advanced and progressive mankind.” As a German emigrant to Winnipeg, Hans Ibing recognized the importance of the Spanish Civil War to the struggle against worldwide fascism in a way that most people in Canada did not - joining the International Brigades in their fight to defend the Spanish Republic was his “chance to fight Hitler.”

Morgonen den 6 augusti 1945 fäller besättningen på planet Enola Gay en atombomb över Hiroshima. Några minuter senare har den japanska staden förvandlats till ett brinnande helvete. Tre dagar senare drabbas Nagasaki av samma öde. Till och med de förhärdade japanska generalerna, som varit fast beslutna att fortsätta strida, är skakade av den ofattbara förödelsen. När även kejsaren förespråkar en kapitulation, väljer Japan till slut att acceptera en villkorslös sådan. I allra sista ögonblicket är det nära att planerna kullkastas av en grupp officerare.

I augusti 1940 utsätts Berlin för ett bombanfall. Adolf Hitler blir rasande och beordrar omedelbart att en rad gigantiska luftvärnstorn ska byggas - vart och ett dyrare än stadens olympiska anläggningar. Tornen visar sig dock vara ineffektiva och är ett slöseri med resurser. Hitler slarvar även bort ett bra tillfälle att driva ut britterna ur Nordafrika och lägga beslag på Mellanösterns ovärderliga oljekällor, och till synes utan anledning drar han in stormakten USA i kriget i Europa.

I början av kriget rullar tyska stridsvagnar fram över land efter land, medan människor apatiskt ser på. Efter hand som tyskarnas ockupation blir alltmer brutal växer emellertid motståndsviljan. Fridfulla protester som allsångsträffar i Danmark utvecklas till sabotage och väpnad kamp. I Storbritannien är Winston Churchill snabb att snappa upp signalerna, och redan under sommaren 1940 upprättar han SOE, en hemlig spion- och sabotageorganisation. Churchills första order till SOE är tydlig: "Sätt Europa i brand".

As the world once again confronts an eruption of authoritarianism, Gyan Prakash's Emergency Chronicles takes us back to the moment of India's independence to offer a comprehensive historical account of Indira Gandhi's Emergency of 1975-77. Stripping away the myth that this was a sudden event brought on solely by the prime minister's desire to cling to power, it argues that the Emergency was as much Indira's doing as it was the product of Indian democracy's troubled relationship with popular politics, and a turning point in its history.