Glossary of Key Terms

• Acquisition: The process of one entity purchasing another for strategic advantages.
• Articles of Association: (UK English) The document outlining a company's internal rules and procedures, similar to US bylaws.
• Articles of Incorporation: The primary document filed with a state to create a corporation; formal legal document that establishes a corporation.
• Bankruptcy: Legal process for dealing with debt when individuals or businesses are unable to pay their debts as they fall due.
• Board Committees: Subgroups of the board of directors formed to focus on specific areas of corporate governance and oversight.
• Board of Directors: A group of individuals elected by shareholders to govern and oversee the management of a corporation.
• Bonds: Debt securities promising interest payments and principal repayment.
• Budgeting: Planning and controlling finances.
• Bylaws: Internal rules governing the operation of a corporation; internal rules governing a corporation (US English).
• Capital Structure: The mix of debt and equity used by a corporation to finance its operations and growth.
• Certificate of Incorporation: (US English) A document issued by the state confirming the legal formation of a corporation, similar to the UK Memorandum of Association.
• Chief Executive Officer (CEO): The top executive responsible for a company's overall performance and strategic direction.
• Chief Financial Officer (CFO): The executive responsible for overseeing financial matters.
• Chief Operating Officer (COO): The executive who focuses on operational efficiency and supply chain optimization.
• Co. / Corp. / Inc. / Ltd. / LLC / PLC: Common abbreviations used to denote the legal structure of a company or corporation.
• Common Stock: A type of stock that represents basic ownership in a corporation, typically with voting rights.
• Companies House: (UK English) The registry where companies are incorporated and file information, similar to the US Secretary of State.
• Company: (UK English) A specific term for an incorporated business with shareholders and managed by directors; (US English) A broader term often used interchangeably with "corporation" but also for other business structures.
• Compliance: The state of adhering to rules, regulations, or laws.
• Corporate Governance: The system of rules, practices, and processes by which a corporation is directed and controlled.
• Corporate Life Cycle: The progression of a business entity from its formation to its potential dissolution.
• Corporation: A legal entity separate and distinct from its owners, formed under the laws of a specific jurisdiction.
• C-Suite: The top executive group responsible for a company's daily operations and strategic execution.
• D&O Insurance: Insurance coverage protecting directors and officers from liability for wrongful acts in their capacity.
• Debenture: A type of unsecured debt instrument backed only by the issuer's creditworthiness.
• Debt Financing: Raising capital through borrowing, like bonds and loans.
• Debts: Sums of money owed or due.
• Derivative Suits: Legal actions brought by shareholders on behalf

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Glossary of Key Terms

• Public Corporation: A type of corporation whose ownership shares are available for trading on public stock exchanges, making them accessible to a wide range of investors.
• Private Corporation: A type of corporation whose ownership shares are not publicly traded and are typically held by a smaller, select group of investors.
• For-Profit Corporation: A type of corporation whose primary objective is to generate financial profits for its shareholders or owners.
• Non-Profit Corporation: A type of corporation organized for charitable, educational, religious, literary, scientific, or other specific non-commercial purposes, with no profit distribution to its members.
• Shares: Units of ownership in a corporation that represent a claim on a portion of the corporation's assets and earnings.
• Stock Exchange: A marketplace where buyers and sellers meet to trade shares of publicly listed companies.
• Regulations: Rules and laws imposed by government authorities that govern the operations and reporting requirements of corporations.
• Reporting Requirements: The obligations of corporations to disclose financial and other relevant information to regulatory bodies and, in the case of public companies, to the public.
• Investors: Individuals or entities that provide capital to a corporation with the expectation of future returns.
• Liquidity: The ease with which an asset, such as a corporation's shares, can be bought or sold without significantly affecting its price.

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Glossary of Key Terms

• Association: A group of individuals formally organized for a joint purpose.
• Charter: A formal document granting rights or privileges by a ruler, government, or other authority.
• Collective Entity: A group or organization that acts as a single unit.
• General Incorporation Laws: Statutes that allow businesses to become corporations by meeting certain standardized legal requirements, without the need for a specific charter from the government for each individual case.
• Guild: A medieval association of craftspeople or merchants, often having considerable power and regulating trade within a specific area.
• Joint-Stock Company: A business entity where ownership is divided into shares of stock, and each share represents a portion of ownership in the company. Investors pool their capital by purchasing these shares.
• Limited Liability: A legal principle where the personal assets of a company's owners or shareholders are protected from the company's debts and obligations. Their potential loss is limited to the amount of their investment.
• Municipality: A city or town with its own local government.
• Privilege: A special right, advantage, or immunity granted to a particular person or group.
• Royal Charter: A charter granted by a monarch, often conferring specific rights and privileges to individuals or companies.

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