In this episode, we finally introduce the looming threat to Carpathia which has book-ended several of our previous episodes - the Magyar. We trace their mysterious origins near the Ural Mountains, the confederation of tribes which made them up, their migration into Pannonia, and their series of raids and domineering throughout Europe in the early 10th century, to ultimately answer the question: how was this confederation able to build a civilization within Pannonia?

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Sources

Intro: Zachary Wheeler and Nathaniel Scarborough, "Hej, Sokoły" folk tune

Outro: Antonín Dvořák, Serenade for Strings, Op. 22 (London Symphony Orchestra 1960)

Berend, Nora. Urbanczyk, Przemyslaw. Wiszewski, Przemyslaw. Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland, C.900-C.1300. Cambridge University Press, 2014.

Nicolle, David. McBride, Angus. The Age of Charlemagne. Osprey Publishing. 1984.

Fine, John VA Jr. The Early Medieval Balkans. University of Michigan Press, 1991.

Rady, Martyn. The Middle Kingdoms. Basic Books, 2023.

Szabo, Christopher. The Magyar Raids: Fact and Fable. Jounral of Eurasian Studies, Vol 4:4.

Schwerpunkt. The Magyar and the origins of Hungary (IX-XI Century). Youtube.com, 2022.