The Divine Comedy, written by Dante Alighieri between 1308 and 1321, is an epic poem considered one of the greatest works of Western literature. Composed during Dante’s exile from Florence due to political conflicts between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, it reflects his personal struggles, theological convictions, and critique of contemporary society. Written in the Tuscan vernacular, it elevated Italian as a literary language. The poem narrates Dante’s allegorical journey through Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Paradise (Paradiso), guided by Virgil and Beatrice, exploring themes of sin, redemption, and divine love. Set notionally in 1300, it weaves medieval Christian theology, classical philosophy, and political commentary into a vivid, structured vision of the afterlife.

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The Iliad, attributed to the ancient Greek poet Homer, is one of the oldest and most influential works of Western literature, likely composed in the 8th century BCE. Set during the Trojan War, it narrates a few weeks in the conflict’s tenth year, focusing on Achilles’ wrath and its consequences. Though rooted in oral storytelling traditions, the Iliad was likely written down after centuries of recitation by bards, drawing on myths and historical memories of Bronze Age conflicts (c. 1200 BCE). Its companion, the Odyssey, completes Homer’s epic cycle. Preserved through manuscripts and revered in ancient Greece, the Iliad shaped literature, philosophy, and art, with its themes of honor, mortality, and divine intervention resonating through the ages. Its text was standardized in the Hellenistic period, and translations, from ancient Greek to modern languages, continue to captivate readers worldwide.

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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s Faust, a two-part dramatic masterpiece, is rooted in the German legend of a scholar who sells his soul to the devil. Goethe began Faust, Part One in the 1770s, publishing it in 1808, depicting Faust’s pact with Mephistopheles and his tragic love for Gretchen. Faust, Part Two, completed in 1832, expands into a vast allegory of human striving, blending mythology, philosophy, and romance as Faust seeks ultimate knowledge and beauty, culminating in his redemption. Inspired by the 16th-century Faustbuch and Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus, Goethe’s work, written over decades, reflects Enlightenment and Romantic ideals, cementing its status as a cornerstone of German literature.