Assyrtiko is a white grape variety of undoubted importance and uniqueness in the Greek and international wine scene. It has a strong connection to the volcanic island of Santorini, with the most accepted theory being that it originated from the island's volcanic soil, adapting over centuries to its extreme specificities. Santorini's terroir, with sandy volcanic soils (resistant to phylloxera), strong winds, and water scarcity, shaped the variety. Assyrtiko has the exceptional ability to maintain naturally high acidity, even under intense heat and dryness, and shows surprising resistance to oxidation. This combination gives the wines captivating freshness, well-defined structure, and remarkable aging potential. On Santorini, the traditional "kouloura" cultivation technique protects vines from wind and sun. The variety is also grown in other regions of Greece and on the mainland, demonstrating notable adaptability.

Assyrtiko vinification allows for a fascinating diversity of styles, from fresh and mineral (often in stainless steel to preserve primary aromas and minerality), to a style with structure and aging potential (with fermentation or aging in barrel and/or on fine lees for greater complexity), to the traditional sweet natural wine Vinsanto, made with sun-dried grapes and oxidative aging. The typical sensory profile includes aromas of citrus, stone fruit, mineral, and saline notes. Marked acidity and structure are distinctive characteristics. With aging, wines can develop notes of dried fruit, honey, and spice. The acidity and minerality are fundamental for gastronomic pairing, especially with Greek cuisine, such as seafood, salads, and dishes with olive oil and lemon, but also with other Mediterranean and Asian cuisines.

Assyrtiko has experienced a growing rediscovery and valorization internationally, becoming one of the most emblematic Greek varieties. Leading producers in Santorini and other regions contribute to its global reputation. Production faces challenges like climate change and water scarcity in Santorini, but the variety's uniqueness offers great future opportunities. Assyrtiko is considered a heritage of Greek and world viticulture. The enologist's role is crucial in defining wine style and quality. The future of Assyrtiko lies in balancing tradition preservation and innovation pursuit.